The human mitochondrion contains 5–10 identical, circular molecules of DNA. So the actual yield of ATP as mitochondria respire varies with conditions and probably seldom exceeds 30. NADH is also used as reducing agent for many cellular reactions. However, the energy stored in the proton gradient is also used for the active transport of several molecules and ions through the inner mitochondrial membrane into the matrix. Add to this the 4 ATPs that are generated by the 3 exceptions and one arrives at 38. With 12 pairs of electrons removed from each glucose molecule, The number of protons pumped out as electrons drop from NADH through the respiratory chain to oxygen is theoretically large enough to generate, as they return through ATP synthase, 3 ATPs per electron pair (but only 2 ATPs for each pair donated by FADH 2). Most of the ATP is generated by the proton gradient that develops across the inner mitochondrial membrane. It is tempting to try to view the synthesis of ATP as a simple matter of stoichiometry (the fixed ratios of reactants to products in a chemical reaction). Find out how plants are adapted for photosynthesis, how they use light, carbon dioxide and water, and how they produce oxygen and glucose.
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